![]() ![]() ![]() In quantum theory, the unobserved past (like the future) is indefinite, and exists only as a spectrum of probabilities. The authors’ perception of reality is shaped by the assumptions of quantum physics as explained by Richard Feynman, whose “sum over histories” approach posits that any physical system has not one history but every possible history. These issues traditionally have been part of the realm of philosophy, but the authors assert “philosophy is dead.” The answers they give to those deep conundrums are suggested by recent developments in physics, particularly the hyper-exotic concepts of what has become known as M-theory (which introduced an eleventh dimension to the previously posited ten dimensions of string theory). In The Grand Design, Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow address the questions of what the nature of reality is, and whether the universe needs a “creator” to make sense. ![]()
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